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[CIDC FTP Data]
[TOVS IDC Data on FTP]
Data Access
TOVS Pathfinder Atmospheric Sounding Data
Mean temperature at four pressure layers
Total effective cloud fraction
Cloud fractions at seven pressure layers
Longwave cloud radiative forcing
Outgoing long-wave radiation
Cloud top pressure
Precipitation estimate
Precipitable water vapor above the surface and four pressure
levels
Surface pressure
Cloud top temperature
Surface skin temperature
[rule]
Readme Contents
Data Set Overview
Sponsor
Original Archive
Future Updates
The Data
Characteristics
Source
The Files
Format
Name and Directory Information
Companion Software
The Science
Theoretical Basis of Data
Processing Sequence and Algorithms
Scientific Potential of Data
Validation of Data
Contacts
Points of Contact
References
[rule]
Data Set Overview
The TOVS (TIROS Operational Vertical Sounder) data set is a
collection of monthly means of global coverage during the years
1985 - 1992 for eleven parameters that describe the thermodynamic
and radiative state of Earth's atmosphere, including global
profiles of temperature and moisture, cloudiness, and outgoing
longwave radiation. It was generated from data obtained from the
HIRS2 (High resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder) and MSU
(Microwave Sounding Unit) instruments that are part of the TOVS
suite of instruments flown on National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration (NOAA) satellites NOAA-9, 10, 11, 12, and 14. The
fields are gridded on a 1 X 1 degree latitude-longitude grid. The
monthly means are generated from each satellite separately.
TOVS-derived data provide a means to investigate long-term climate
change and interannual variability and study local and periodic
phenomena such as El Nino and stratospheric warmings.
Sponsor
The production and distribution of this data set are being funded
by NASA's Mission To Planet Earth program. The data are not
copyrighted, however, we request that when you publish data or
results using these data please acknowledge as follows:
The authors wish to thank the Sounder Research Team
(Code 910.4) and the Distributed Active Archive Center
(Code 902) at Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt,
MD, 20771 for the production and distribution of these
data. These activities were sponsored by NASA's Mission
to Planet Earth program.
Original Archive
The atmospheric data from which this data set is derived were
produced by the Sounder Research Team of NASA's Goddard Space
Flight Center and by the Goddard DAAC at Greenbelt, MD, using an
algorithm developed by Joel Susskind and collaborators. The
original data, which includes daily, 5-day, and monthly gridded
products in Hierarchical Data Format (HDF), are currently
available from the Goddard DAAC's Atmospheric Dynamics site. The
derived data set contains a subset of the most important
geophysical parameters contained in the original archive.
Future Updates
It is expected that additional three years of data will become
available in Fall 1997 for the satellite coverage by NOAA-11, 12,
& 14 of the years 1993, 1994 and 1995. Newly processed years of
TOVS data will be made available through this data collection as
they are released to the DAAC by the data producer.
The Data
Characteristics
* Parameters, Units, Range
PARAMETER DESCRIPTION UNITS DATA
RANGE
Mean temperature
in the layers:
CLTEMP surface-500 mb, K 180 -
500-300 mb, 295
300-100 mb, and
100-30 mb
Precipitable
water
(integrated
PRWAT water vapor) cm 0 - 8
above the
levels: surface,
850 mb, 700 mb,
500 mb, 300 mb
TSURF Surface skin K 200 -
temperature 320
FCLD Total effective fraction 0 - 1
cloud fraction
Cloud fractions
for the layers
<180 mb, 180-310
FCLD7 mb, 310-440 mb, fraction 0 - 1
440-560 mb,
560-680 mb,
680-800 mb, >800
mb
Cloud top
PCLD pressure for mb 50 -
total cloud 1000
fraction
Cloud top
TCLD temperature for K 175 -
total cloud 310
fraction
Outgoing
long-wave
OLR radiation W/m^2 80 -
exiting the top 350
of the
atmosphere
Longwave cloud
radiative
forcing, or the
LWF difference W/m^2 -70 to
between the +160
cloudy and clear
sky OLR
PRC Precipitation mm/day 0 - 40
estimate
Surface pressure
SPRC derived from mb 525 -
forecast model 1050
* Temporal Coverage: January 1985 - December 1992
* Temporal Resolution: Monthly Means
NOAA-9 Jan'85-Dec'86
NOAA-10 Dec'86-Dec'90
NOAA-11 Jan'89-Dec'92
* Spatial Coverage: Global
* Spatial Resolution: 1 degree x 1 degree
Source
These data are products of the TIROS Operational Vertical Sounder
(TOVS) suite of instruments flown on NOAA-series satellites.
Satellites:
The HIRS/2 and MSU instruments are carried aboard National Oceanic
and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Polar Orbiting Environmental
Satellites NOAA-9,10,11,12 and 14. .
Nominal orbit parameters for the NOAA satellites are:
Launch date: Dec 12, 1984 (NOAA-9); Sept 17, 1986 (NOAA-10);
Sept 24, 1988 (NOAA-11); May 14, 1991 (NOAA-12);
Dec 30, 1994 (NOAA-14)
Orbit: Sun synchronous, near polar
Nominal altitude: 833 km
Inclination: 98.8 degrees
Orbital period: 102 minutes
Nominal Equatorial crossing times for ascending Node, LST:
14:30 (NOAA-9); 13:30 (NOAA-11);
19:30 (NOAA 10 & 12); 13:30 (NOAA 14)
Nominal Equatorial crossing times for descending Node, LST:
02:30 (NOAA-9); 01:30 (NOAA-11);
07:30 (NOAA 10 & 12); 01:30 (NOAA-14)
Nodal Increment: 25.3 degrees
The orbital period of about 102 minutes produces 14.1 orbits per
day. Because the daily number of orbits is not an integer, the
suborbital tracks do not repeat daily. The crossing times are
nominal because satellite orbits drift over time. As of March 95,
NOAA-9 north bound equator crossing time has moved from 14:30
launch time to 21:30, NOAA-10 from 19:30 to 17:53, and NOAA-11
from 13:30 to 17:30 LST.
Instruments:
High Resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder 2 (HIRS/2)-- The HIRS/2
instrument measures radiation emitted by the Earth- atmosphere
system in 19 regions of the infrared spectrum between 3.7 and 15
microns. A visible channel is also available to measure the albedo
of Earth's surface. The nominal values of central wave numbers and
wavelengths of these channels are
chan wavenumber wavelength chan wavenumber wavelength
(cm-1) (microns) (cm-1) (microns)
1) 667.70 14.9768 11) 1363.32 7.33504
2) 680.23 14.7009 12) 1489.42 6.71402
3) 691.15 14.4686 13) 2191.38 4.56333
4) 704.33 14.1979 14) 2208.74 4.52747
5) 716.30 13.9606 15) 2237.49 4.46929
6) 733.13 13.6401 16) 2269.09 4.40705
7) 750.72 13.3205 17) 2360.00 4.23729
8) 899.50 11.1173 18) 2514.58 3.97681
9) 1029.01 9.71808 19) 2665.38 3.75181
10)* 1224.07 8.16947 20) 14453.14 0.691891
*For better retrieval of atmospheric water vapor the spectral
location of channel 10 was changed (to avoid silicate absorption
feature) from 1224 cm-1 to be centered near 900 cm-1 on NOAA-11,14
and future HIRS2 instruments.
These channels are chosen to sample
* atmospheric emission in seven CO2 (temperature) channels near
15.3 micron
* atmospheric emission in five O2 (temperature) channels near
4.3 micron
* surface and H2O emission in a channel near 11.0 micron
* surface and O3 emission in a channel near 9.6 micron
* atmospheric emission in three H2O channels near 6.7 micron
* surface emission and reflected solar radiation in two window
channels near 3.7 micron.
A 15 cm diameter optical system is used to gather emitted energy
from Earth's atmosphere and surface. The instantaneous field of
view of all the channels is stepped across the satellite track by
use of a rotating mirror. The energy received by the telescope is
separated by a dichroic beam splitter into longwave (greater than
6.4 microns) and shortwave (less than 6.4 microns) energy,
controlled by field stops, and passed through bandpass filters and
relay optics to the detectors. There are 56 steps per scan, each
requiring 100 milliseconds, for a total of 6.4 seconds per scan.
The analog data output from the HIRS/2 sensor is digitalized
onboard the satellite at a rate of 2880 bits per second, implying
288 bits per step. The data are digitized to 13 bit precision.
Microwave Sounding Unit (MSU)--The MSU instrument is a four
channel Dicke radiometer making passive microwave radiation
measurements in four regions of the 50 GHz oxygen emission
spectrum. The central frequencies of these channels are
1) 50.30 GHz 3) 54.96 GHz
2) 53.74 GHz 4) 57.95 GHz
These channels are chosen to sample
* atmospheric emission in three O2 (temperature) channels near
50, 54, and 55 GHz
* surface emission in one window channel near 57 GHz.
The channel bandwidths are 200 MHz in each case, with a typical
Noise Equivalent Differential Temperature (NEDT) of 0.3 degrees K.
The instrument has two 4 inch scanning reflector antenna systems,
orthomode transducers, four Dicke superheterodyne receivers, a
data programmer, and power supplies. The antennas are step scanned
through eleven individual 1.84 second Earth-viewing steps and
require a total of 25.6 seconds to complete. The MSU data output
represents an apparent brightness temperature after a 1.84 second
integration period per step. The data are quantized to 12 bit
precision and combined with telemetry and step position
information to produce an effective output rate of 320 bits per
second.
The TOVS methodology makes use of a combination of HIRS/2 and MSU
channel radiances to infer information pertaining to the following
groups of geophysical parameters from the associated channels.
Parameter Channels Used
Temperature Profile HIRS 1, 2, 4, 13, 14, 15,
MSU 3, 4
Moisture Profile HIRS 8, 10, 11, 12
Clouds HIRS 4, 5, 6, 7, 8
Surface Temperature HIRS 8, 18, 19
Cloud Cleared Radiances HIRS 13, 14,
MSU 2
Ozone HIRS 9
In particular, the combination of HIRS/2 channels and MSU channels
(which can "see" through nonprecipitating clouds) is extremely
useful in eliminating the effects of cloudiness on the
satellite-observed infrared radiances, thus providing improved
estimates of the temperature and moisture profiles.
Instrument Measurement Geometry--The instrument measurement
geometry for the TOVS sensors are summarized in the following
table.
Instrument parameter HIRS/2 MSU
Cross track scan angle (+/- degrees from
nadir) 49.5 47.4
Number of steps 56 11
Angular FOV (degrees) 1.25 7.5
Step Angle (degrees) 1.80 9.5
Ground IFOV (km) - at nadir 17.4 109.3
Ground IFOV (km) - at end of scan 59 x 30 323 x 179
Swath width (+/- km) 1120 1174
The NOAA Polar Orbiter Data User's Guide (Kidwell 1991) gives a
more detailed description of the instruments and the NOAA series
of satellites.
The Files
Format
Compressed:
The data files have been compressed using Lempel-Ziv coding. Files
with a .gz ending are compressed versions of the .bin file. When
decompressing the files use the -N option so that the original
.bin file name ending is restored. For additional information on
decompression see aareadme file in the directory:
software/decompression/
Uncompressed:
* File Size: There are eleven data files for each monthly
average containing one or more horizontal fields of 360 x 180
= 64800 floating point numbers in IEEE 32-bit floating point
notation.
Parameter File Size Data
Name (Bytes) Values
CLTEMP 1036800 259200
FCLD 259200 64800
FCLD7 1814400 453600
LWF 259200 64800
OLR 259200 64800
PCLD 259200 64800
PRC 259200 64800
PRWAT 1296000 324000
SPRC 259200 64800
TCLD 259200 64800
TSURF 259200 64800
* Data Format: IEEE floating point
* Headers, trailers, and delimiters: none
* Land or water mask: none
* Fill value: -999.9
* Data Ordering:
Single fields: Starting at (179.5W,89.5N) and proceeding west
to east and then from north to south as in
(179.5W,89.5N), (178.5W,89.5N), ... ,(179.5E,89.5N),
(179.5W,88,5N), (178.5W,88.5N), ... ,(179.5E,88.5N),
... ... ... ...
(179.5W,88,5S), (178.5W,88.5S), ... ,(179.5E,88.5S)
The TOVS monthly means files in this data set (the
Interdisciplinary data set) have been reordered in north to
south orientation, while the TOVS files available through the
DAAC Information Management System (IMS) from which they
derive have been produced in south to north orientation.
Multiple fields: each field in the order above and
+ For CLTEMP, the first 259200 bytes represent the mean
layer temperature from the surface-500mb, the second
259200 bytes represent the mean layer temperature from
500-300 mb, and so on up to the fourth 259200 bytes,
which represent the mean layer temperature from 100 - 30
mb.
+ For PRWAT, the first 259200 bytes represent the
precipitable water (integrated water vapor) above the
surface, the second 259200 bytes represent the
precipitable water above 700 mb, and so on up to the
fourth 259200 bytes, which represent the precipitable
water above 300 mb.
+ For FCLD7, the first 259200 bytes represent the cloud
fractions for the layer < 180 mb, the second 259200
bytes for the cloud fractions for the layer between
180-310 mb, and so on up to the seventh 259200 bytes,
which represent the cloud fraction for the layer > 800
mb.
Name and Directory Information
Naming Convention:
The file naming convention for the TOVS data files is
xxxxxxxx.pppppp.lpmegg.yymm.ddd
xxxxxxxx instrument and satellite code where
tovsnf for NOAA-9
tovsng for NOAA-10
tovsnh for NOAA-11
pppppp parameter name
lptegg code for spatial/temporal resolution & coverage where
l= number of levels, 1, 4, 5, 7
p= pressure levels for vertical coordinate
m= monthly averages
e= 1 deg x 1 deg horizontal grid resolution
gg= global (land and ocean) coverage
yymm date of data where
yy= year in two digits
mm= month in two digits
ddd= File type, (gz=compressed, bin=binary uncompressed,
ctl=GrADS control file)
NOTE: When decompressing the data files be sure to use the -N
option. This will restore the original .bin filename. For
additional information on decompression see the format section of
this readme and the aareadme file in the directory:
software/decompression/
Directory Path:
/data/inter_disc/tovs_atmo_sound/pppppp/yyyy
where pppppp is parameter and yyyy is year
Companion Software
Several software packages have been made available on the CIDC CD-ROM set.
The Grid Analysis and Display System (GrADS) is an interactive desktop tool
that is currently in use worldwide for the analysis and display of earth
science data. GrADS meta-data files (.ctl) have been supplied for each of
the data sets. A GrADS gui interface has been created for use with the CIDC
data. See the GrADS document for information on how to use the gui
interface.
Decompression software for PC and Macintosh platforms have been supplied for
datasets which are compressed on the CIDC CD-ROM set. For additional
information on the decompression software see the aareadme file in the
directory:
software/decompression/
Sample programs in FORTRAN, C and IDL languages have also been made
available to read these data. You may also acquire this software by
accessing the software/read_cidc_sftwr directory on each of the CIDC CD-ROMs
The Science
Theoretical Basis of Data
The radiation fluxes at specific infrared and microwave
frequencies most heavily sample temperature and density properties
near particular atmospheric pressures. This maximum in
transmission of radiation from a particular pressure in the
atmosphere up to the satellite is due to the cumulative effects of
the spectroscopic properties of the constituent atmospheric
molecules and their dependence on temperature and density in the
column above the particular pressure. This pressure for a maximum
varies only slightly with the temperature and density of the gases
in the column and is most dependent on the frequency. For CO2 and
water molecules particular frequencies in the microwave and
infrared ranges permit sampling of the atmosphere from the surface
up to 20 mb.
Using a retrieval algorithm the measured radiances at the
satellite can be "inverted" to find the temperature and densities
of the constituents in the atmosphere giving rise to those
measured radiances. In some cases the maximum occurs at or near
the surface and in these cases it is possible to measure surface
temperatures and emissivities. Though clouds "contaminate" the
retrieval process it is possible to allow for their contribution
in a self-consistent manner and obtain temperature and moisture
retrievals even below clouds.
The parameters measured by the TOVS all undergo a diurnal cycle.
To obtain good diurnal averages, several measurements should be
made each 24 hour day. A Sun synchronous satellite obtains one day
and one night time measurement per 24 hours over most of the
earth. The mean of these two observations yield an estimate of the
daily averages for the parameters. When both morning and afternoon
satellites (e.g. NOAA-10 and NOAA-11) are operating four daily
measurements are available and the mean of these four will yield
an improved daily average. However only one satellite is
frequently available; sometimes this will be a morning satellite
and sometimes an afternoon satellite. Thus care must be taken in
comparing one year to another year in which the observing times
are different. In 1989 and 1990 both NOAA-10 and NOAA-11 are
operating. We have chosen not to combine their measurements into
an improved diurnal average. This allows the user to estimate the
types of regional biases that may be present when measurement from
only one satellite are available.
Processing Sequence and Algorithms
The processing system steps through an interactive
forecast-retrieval-analysis cycle. In each 6 hour synoptic period,
the 6 hour forecast fields of temperature, humidity, and
geopotential thickness generated by the Goddard Laboratory for
Atmospheres (GLA) 2nd order General Circulation Model (GCM)
(Takacs et al. 1994) are used as the first guess for all soundings
occurring within a 3 hour time window centered on the forecast
time. These retrievals are then assimilated with all available in
situ measurements (such as radiosonde and ship reports) in the 6
hour interval using an Optimal Interpolation (OI) analysis scheme.
This analysis is then used to specify the initial conditions for
the next 6 hour forecast, thus completing the cycle. The GCM and
the OI were developed by the Data Assimilation Office (DAO) at
Goddard Space Flight Center.
The retrieval algorithm itself is a physical method based on the
iterative relaxation technique originally proposed by Chahine
(1968). The basic approach consists of modifying the temperature
profile from the previous iteration by an amount proportional to
the difference between the observed brightness temperatures and
the brightness temperatures computed from the trial parameters
using the full radiative transfer equation applied at the observed
satellite zenith angle. For the case of the temperature profile,
the updated layer mean temperatures are given as a linear
combination of multichannel brightness temperature differences
with the coefficients given by the channel weighting functions.
Constraints are imposed on the solution to ensure stability and
convergence of the iterative process. For more details see
Susskind et al. (1984).
Two important procedures are necessary for accurate retrieval of
the geophysical parameters using satellite-based radiance
measurements. The first involves reconstruction of the clear sky
radiances that would have been observed in the absence of cloud
contamination. This is performed using a variation of the N*
method applied to adjacent fields of view (over an area covering 2
along- track and 2 cross-track HIRS2 spots) using a combination of
infrared and microwave channels. The second procedure involves the
need for a bias correction stemming from a combination of
instrument calibration errors and drifts and errors in the
radiance computations. The systematic errors between computed and
observed brightness temperatures are modeled as a function of
latitude and satellite zenith angle, with the coefficients
determined by a least squares fit to the radiance residuals
resulting between the observed brightness temperatures and those
obtained from the globally unbiased GLA forecast model. These
coefficients are updated periodically throughout the day and the
resulting radiance corrections are applied to all computed
brightness temperatures used in the derivation of the geophysical
parameters.
The output from the processing at this point consists of
geophysical quantities that are located along the satellite track
that are measured at approximately the same local time in two
groups, the ascending orbital tracks designated as AM, and the
descending orbital tracks that are designated PM (Level 2 data).
These data are subsequently gridded in the AM and the PM groups
separately into 1 degree x 1 degree gridboxes by averaging the
satellite track measurements that fall in the same box (Level 3
data). The data are then converted to Hierarchical Data Format
(HDF) and output as 30 MB daily files. The data are also averaged
into 5 day composites (pentads) and monthly averages in separate
AM and PM groups.
To obtain the data set described by this document, the original 30
MB HDF monthly AM and PM files are averaged together. The cloud
top pressure and temperature are weighted by the cloud fraction
when their means are calculated. The output is in the form of flat
binary files where the order of the latitude bands is flipped to
north to south. In the HDF files, the order was from south to
north. A more complete description of processing is available in
TOVS Pathfinder Path A Guide: Data Processing Sequence.
Scientific Potential of Data
TOVS is the only long-term source of high resolution global
information pertaining to the temperature and moisture structure
of the atmosphere. Because similar HIRS/2 and MSU instrumentation
has flown on operational satellites from 1979 to the present, data
from these instruments can make an important contribution to our
understanding of the variability of atmospheric and surface
parameters as well as the correlations between spatial variations
of atmospheric and surface quantities. In addition, the data can
potentially be used to identify and monitor trends in temperature,
moisture, cloudiness, OLR, and precipitation, provided that
quantitative results can be obtained that account for differences
in instrumentation on different satellites, as well as sampling
differences in local crossing time. A prerequisite for such
studies is an algorithm that does not change during the course of
the processing. This is required since algorithm changes can
introduce spurious "climate changes." The TOVS data set satisfies
this important criterion and as such will be useful for all of the
applications listed above. Other possible applications of the data
set include
* Assimilation of TOVS data into large scale models to improve
forecast skill (Baker et al. 1984, Schubert et al. 1993).
* Intercomparison and validation of global parameters derived
from other satellite instrumentation such as AVHRR SST
(Susskind and Reuter 1985, Susskind et al. 1997) .
* Provide global moisture profile estimates for use in
atmospherically correcting AVHRR radiances for the
determination of vegetation indices (Justice at al. 1991).
Validation of Data
The level 3 Path A parameters were validated against independently
measured data from both in situ and satellite sources (Susskind et
al. 1997).
* Temperature and humidity parameters were compared to
collocated radiosonde data. The total precipitable water
above oceanic areas was also compared to data derived from
the Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I).
* The surface skin temperature over ocean was compared to
values produced by the NOAA Climate Analysis Center (CAC)
based on ship, buoy, and AVHRR data.
* The total atmospheric column ozone burden was validated
against Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) data, which
were also used in the zonal mean sense as part of the
systematic error removal scheme for total ozone retrievals.
* OLR was validated against OLR determined by the ERBE team
using the ERBE instruments on NOAA-10 and ERBS. ERBS is a
tropical orbiting satellite, and this adds a temporal
sampling bias in the tropics. Longwave cloud radiative
forcing has not been validated at this time.
* The precipitation estimate was compared with rain gauges,
which are primarily over land.
In addition to these direct correlative data comparisons, errors
between interannual differences computed for the TOVS data and the
interannual differences computed from the correlative data were
provided based on the monthly gridded results from July 1987 and
July 1988 and are available in TOVS Pathfinder Path A Guide: Data
Validation.
Contacts
Points of Contact
For information about or assistance in using any DAAC data,
contact
EOS Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC)
Code 902
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
Greenbelt, Maryland 20771
Internet: daacuso@daac.gsfc.nasa.gov
301-614-5224 (voice)
301-614-5268 (fax)
References
Baker, W.E., R. Atlas, M. Halem, and J. Susskind. 1984. A case
study of forecast sensitivity to data and data analysis
techniques. Mon. Wea. Rev., 122:544-1561.
Chahine, M. T. 1968. Determination of the temperature profile in
an atmosphere from its outgoing radiances. J. Opt. Soc. Am.,
58:1634-1637.
Justice, C.O., T.F. Eck, D. Taure, and B.N. Holben. 1991. The
effect of water vapor on normalized difference vegetation index
derived for the Sahelian region from NOAA AVHRR data. Int. J.
Remote Sensing, 12: 1165-1187.
Kidwell, K. 1991. NOAA Polar Orbiter Data User's Guide. NCDC/SDSD.
National Climatic Data Center, Washington, DC.
Schubert, S.D., R. Rood, and J. Pfaendtner. 1993. An assimilated
data set for earth science applications. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc.,
74:2331-2342.
Susskind, J., J. Rosenfield, D. Reuter, and M.T. Chahine. 1984.
Remote sensing of weather and climate parameters from HIRS2/MSU on
TIROS-N. J. Geophys. Res., 89:4677-4697.
Susskind, J., and D. Reuter. 1985. Retrieval of sea-surface
temperatures from HIRS2/MSU. J. Geophys. Res., 90C:11602- 11608.
Susskind, J., P. Piraino, L. Rokke, L. Iredell, and A. Mehta,
1997: Characteristics of the TOVS Pathfinder A dataset, Bull Amer.
Meteor. Soc., 78: 1449-1472.
Takacs, L., A. Molod, and T. Wang. 1994. Documentation of the
Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS) General Circulation Model
Version 1, NASA Technical Memorandum 104606 Volume I.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
[NASA] [GSFC] [Goddard DAAC] [cidc site]
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Last update:Mon Feb 23 16:09:57 EST 1998
Page Author: Page Author: J. Anthony Gualtieri -- gualt@daac.gsfc.nasa.gov
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